For the first time in 14 years, more Europeans settle in Latin America than the reverse
The 2008 global financial crisis didn’t just send shockwaves through European economic powerhouses, it also reversed long-standing immigration flows as more people left the European Union (EU) for Latin America than vice-versa for the first time in 14 years.
In 2012 181,166 European nationals left for Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, as compared to 119,000 Latin American and Caribbean nationals having moved to the EU, according to a study released by the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Spain is the EU country that sends the most migrants to the region, followed by Italy, Portugal, France and Germany.
The IOM said most of the flows from Europe to Latin America could be explained by European nationals seeking job opportunities.
The IOM also said that to a lesser extent to Latin American migrants to Europe returning home.
Among the countries selected by those leaving Europe has been Argentina, with the number of Spanish immigrants on an annual basis increasing dramatically from 2003 to 2009. Some of these, however, can be attributed to Argentines who have acquired Spanish citizenship returning home.
Not only are Europeans crossing the Atlantic to a greater degree, but the flows of Latin Americans to Europe also saw reductions. The number of Latin American immigrants to the EU in 2012 marks a 68 percent decline from 2007, when the number of Latin American and Caribbean migrants to the EU reached historic highs.
A 21st Century wave?
European migrant populations have a long history in Argentina, with approximately 88 percent of the European population settling before 1991.
However, using data drawn from the INDEC statistics bureau’s 2010 census, the IOM was able to demonstrate that in the period of 2002-2010 there was a doubling of the number of EU immigrants to the country in comparison to the period of 1991 to 2001.
Of Argentina’s European population, totalling 300,000 in 2010 and 16 percent of the total immigrant population in 2010, about half are of Italian origin while almost a third is of Spanish origin. It is no surprise that those longstanding populations proved to be magnets for the uptick in EU immigration to Argentina seen after the economic crisis.Various waves of European immigration to South America have been spurred by economic hardships and the collapse of the Spanish economy and the skyrocketing unemployment rates as a result generated outflows of Spanish citizens, some of which were directed toward Argentina.
In 2012, no fewer than 154,000 Spanish citizens left their home country, a whopping 85 percent of the European Union’s total outbound immigration that year. According to the IOM, roughly 1,000 Spanish citizens immigrated to Argentina in 2003 — which was still recovering from its own economic crisis. The number of immigrants was already trending upwards, reaching about 3,000 annually in 2007 when the global financial struck. A year later the number of immigrants surged to 13,400 a year before peaking at just under 17,000 in 2009.
Since then, flows have slowly decreased to about 13,000 in 2012, the last year for which data is available. Curiously, the number of Italian immigrants to Argentina stayed relatively flat throughout this period at around 2,000 a year.
The majority of European immigrants to Argentina have been described by the IOM as single men between 25 and 35 years of age without families, a high level of education and seeking employment in an international business. Some of these are also Argentine-born Spanish citizens.
However, there is an important caveat to the data on European immigrants as a significant proportion of the population is unaccounted for in official figures, considering many enter the country as tourists and stay on without formalizing their residency status. In that regard, Argentine immigration authorities have brought into effect new rules granting them the right to question would-be tourists about details of their stay in Argentina, particularly if they have multiple visits to the country over an extended period of time.
Changing flows
According to the IOM, the “countries that have historically hosted higher numbers of European immigrants, such as Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela, have seen a decline in the number of EU nationals residing there. But there was a marked increase in the number of EU nationals in Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.”
As such the report focuses specifically on Peru, calling it an emerging destination not only for European immigration but also the much more voluminous intra-regional immigration from other countries in Latin America. Peru has seen high economic growth rates in recent years and the 56,000 arrivals in the five-year year of period of 2007-2012 were about 60 percent of the total immigration in the period from 1994 to 2012.
While the European component of these flows are significantly similar in terms of size to Brazil, the IOM highlighted that they are continuing to grow despite the incipient Spanish recovery — once again, the bulk of European immigration to Peru is Spanish. Using data produced by Eurostat, the IOM noted that the increase in immigration went from a near-negligible levels from 2003 to 2007 but ballooned to about 11,000 annually through 2012 without any sign of decline. In that regard, the IOM reports that data from Peruvian statistics bodies indicates that as recently as January of 2015, 20 percent of the 8,586 arrivals in Peru with a work visa came from Spain. Extrapolating that figure for the rest of the year suggests inflow of about about 20,600 Spanish citizens
Latin American immigrants
The net flow between Latin America and Europe was reversed in the period of 2010-2012, as immigration to Europe fell and immigration from Europe increased. However, the authors of the study note that despite the reduction in immigration flows, the continued growth of immigrant populations in Europe suggested that there has not been a significant amount of immigrants returning to Latin America as a result of the economic crisis.
Latin American immigration to Europe in 2012 reached a low of 119,000, a third on the high of 375,000 reported in 2007. As such, Spain granted only 86,924 residency permits in 2013 — 60 percent less than it did in 2008, when it issued 217,419 permits. The only countries that reported an increase in Latin American immigrants in the last two or three years were Ireland, Germany, Malta and Hungary.
However, some of the trends were maintained as Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador continued to generate half of the Latin American immigration despite decline in the total flow.
According to the IOM, “LAC migrants are highly concentrated in just six EU countries, with slightly more than the half of them living in Spain (53 percent). The other 41 percent live in the following EU countries: Italy (15 percent), the UK (9 percent), France (7 percent), the Netherlands (6 percent) and Portugal (4 percent). Just 6 per cent of all LAC migrants reside in other EU countries.”
Intra-regional immigration
The dynamism in the nature of flows between Europe and Latin has also been seen within the region, with reduced emigration to North America and Europe from Latin America and greater movement of people within the region.
Growth in intra-regional immigration in the period of 2008-2013 (excluding immigration to the United States and Canada) was an even greater 18 percent.
In the years 2010-2013 no fewer than 11 million Latin Americans moved within the region — a five percent increase. In particular, there has been an increase in Latin American immigration to countries such as Mexico and Guatemala — considered to be sources of immigration to North America — and to countries that don’t often come to mind as immigration destinations. Ecuador, which has a high rate of seasonal migrants working in agricultural sectors, received eight percent of the entire South American immigration flow in period of 2010 to 2013.
Argentina remains the biggest recipient of intra-regional immigration, with 28 percent of migrants choosing Argentina. Interestingly, despite the growth in new destination countries, the source of immigrants remained the same with seven out of 10 intra-regional migrants coming from Colombia (1.14 million), Paraguay (648,665), Bolivia (454,055), Perú (439,476), Haiti (352, 883), Nicaragua (345,994) and Argentina (299,660) with the majority of immigrants electing to reside in countries with borders adjacent to their own.
— Herald staff
The 2008 global financial crisis didn’t just send shockwaves through European economic powerhouses, it also reversed long-standing immigration flows as more people left the European Union (EU) for Latin America than vice-versa for the first time in 14 years.
In 2012 181,166 European nationals left for Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, as compared to 119,000 Latin American and Caribbean nationals having moved to the EU, according to a study released by the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Spain is the EU country that sends the most migrants to the region, followed by Italy, Portugal, France and Germany.
The IOM said most of the flows from Europe to Latin America could be explained by European nationals seeking job opportunities.
The IOM also said that to a lesser extent to Latin American migrants to Europe returning home.
Among the countries selected by those leaving Europe has been Argentina, with the number of Spanish immigrants on an annual basis increasing dramatically from 2003 to 2009. Some of these, however, can be attributed to Argentines who have acquired Spanish citizenship returning home.
Not only are Europeans crossing the Atlantic to a greater degree, but the flows of Latin Americans to Europe also saw reductions. The number of Latin American immigrants to the EU in 2012 marks a 68 percent decline from 2007, when the number of Latin American and Caribbean migrants to the EU reached historic highs.
A 21st Century wave?
European migrant populations have a long history in Argentina, with approximately 88 percent of the European population settling before 1991.
However, using data drawn from the INDEC statistics bureau’s 2010 census, the IOM was able to demonstrate that in the period of 2002-2010 there was a doubling of the number of EU immigrants to the country in comparison to the period of 1991 to 2001.
Of Argentina’s European population, totalling 300,000 in 2010 and 16 percent of the total immigrant population in 2010, about half are of Italian origin while almost a third is of Spanish origin. It is no surprise that those longstanding populations proved to be magnets for the uptick in EU immigration to Argentina seen after the economic crisis.Various waves of European immigration to South America have been spurred by economic hardships and the collapse of the Spanish economy and the skyrocketing unemployment rates as a result generated outflows of Spanish citizens, some of which were directed toward Argentina.
In 2012, no fewer than 154,000 Spanish citizens left their home country, a whopping 85 percent of the European Union’s total outbound immigration that year. According to the IOM, roughly 1,000 Spanish citizens immigrated to Argentina in 2003 — which was still recovering from its own economic crisis. The number of immigrants was already trending upwards, reaching about 3,000 annually in 2007 when the global financial struck. A year later the number of immigrants surged to 13,400 a year before peaking at just under 17,000 in 2009.
Since then, flows have slowly decreased to about 13,000 in 2012, the last year for which data is available. Curiously, the number of Italian immigrants to Argentina stayed relatively flat throughout this period at around 2,000 a year.
The majority of European immigrants to Argentina have been described by the IOM as single men between 25 and 35 years of age without families, a high level of education and seeking employment in an international business. Some of these are also Argentine-born Spanish citizens.
However, there is an important caveat to the data on European immigrants as a significant proportion of the population is unaccounted for in official figures, considering many enter the country as tourists and stay on without formalizing their residency status. In that regard, Argentine immigration authorities have brought into effect new rules granting them the right to question would-be tourists about details of their stay in Argentina, particularly if they have multiple visits to the country over an extended period of time.
Changing flows
According to the IOM, the “countries that have historically hosted higher numbers of European immigrants, such as Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela, have seen a decline in the number of EU nationals residing there. But there was a marked increase in the number of EU nationals in Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.”
As such the report focuses specifically on Peru, calling it an emerging destination not only for European immigration but also the much more voluminous intra-regional immigration from other countries in Latin America. Peru has seen high economic growth rates in recent years and the 56,000 arrivals in the five-year year of period of 2007-2012 were about 60 percent of the total immigration in the period from 1994 to 2012.
While the European component of these flows are significantly similar in terms of size to Brazil, the IOM highlighted that they are continuing to grow despite the incipient Spanish recovery — once again, the bulk of European immigration to Peru is Spanish. Using data produced by Eurostat, the IOM noted that the increase in immigration went from a near-negligible levels from 2003 to 2007 but ballooned to about 11,000 annually through 2012 without any sign of decline. In that regard, the IOM reports that data from Peruvian statistics bodies indicates that as recently as January of 2015, 20 percent of the 8,586 arrivals in Peru with a work visa came from Spain. Extrapolating that figure for the rest of the year suggests inflow of about about 20,600 Spanish citizens
Latin American immigrants
The net flow between Latin America and Europe was reversed in the period of 2010-2012, as immigration to Europe fell and immigration from Europe increased. However, the authors of the study note that despite the reduction in immigration flows, the continued growth of immigrant populations in Europe suggested that there has not been a significant amount of immigrants returning to Latin America as a result of the economic crisis.
Latin American immigration to Europe in 2012 reached a low of 119,000, a third on the high of 375,000 reported in 2007. As such, Spain granted only 86,924 residency permits in 2013 — 60 percent less than it did in 2008, when it issued 217,419 permits. The only countries that reported an increase in Latin American immigrants in the last two or three years were Ireland, Germany, Malta and Hungary.
However, some of the trends were maintained as Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador continued to generate half of the Latin American immigration despite decline in the total flow.
According to the IOM, “LAC migrants are highly concentrated in just six EU countries, with slightly more than the half of them living in Spain (53 percent). The other 41 percent live in the following EU countries: Italy (15 percent), the UK (9 percent), France (7 percent), the Netherlands (6 percent) and Portugal (4 percent). Just 6 per cent of all LAC migrants reside in other EU countries.”
Intra-regional immigration
The dynamism in the nature of flows between Europe and Latin has also been seen within the region, with reduced emigration to North America and Europe from Latin America and greater movement of people within the region.
Growth in intra-regional immigration in the period of 2008-2013 (excluding immigration to the United States and Canada) was an even greater 18 percent.
In the years 2010-2013 no fewer than 11 million Latin Americans moved within the region — a five percent increase. In particular, there has been an increase in Latin American immigration to countries such as Mexico and Guatemala — considered to be sources of immigration to North America — and to countries that don’t often come to mind as immigration destinations. Ecuador, which has a high rate of seasonal migrants working in agricultural sectors, received eight percent of the entire South American immigration flow in period of 2010 to 2013.
Argentina remains the biggest recipient of intra-regional immigration, with 28 percent of migrants choosing Argentina. Interestingly, despite the growth in new destination countries, the source of immigrants remained the same with seven out of 10 intra-regional migrants coming from Colombia (1.14 million), Paraguay (648,665), Bolivia (454,055), Perú (439,476), Haiti (352, 883), Nicaragua (345,994) and Argentina (299,660) with the majority of immigrants electing to reside in countries with borders adjacent to their own.
— Herald staff
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